{
 "title": "GCC Remittance Cost Ranking 2023 — the fee leakage league table",
 "source": "World Bank Open Data — BM.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT (personal remittances, paid, current US$) and SI.RMT.COST.OB.ZS (average cost of sending remittances from a specific country, %), CC BY 4.0",
 "series_last_updated": {
  "BM.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT": "2026-07-13",
  "BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT": "2026-07-13",
  "SI.RMT.COST.OB.ZS": "2026-07-13"
 },
 "retrieved": "2026-07-18",
 "method": "estimated leakage = outflow × avg outbound cost of the same year",
 "countries": {
  "ARE": {
   "name": "United Arab Emirates",
   "history": [
    {
     "year": "2016",
     "outflow_usd": null,
     "cost_pct": 3.6503925,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2017",
     "outflow_usd": null,
     "cost_pct": 4.876236,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2018",
     "outflow_usd": null,
     "cost_pct": 3.04271444444444,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2019",
     "outflow_usd": null,
     "cost_pct": 2.60495888888889,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2020",
     "outflow_usd": null,
     "cost_pct": 3.39138,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2021",
     "outflow_usd": null,
     "cost_pct": 3.81666444444445,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2022",
     "outflow_usd": null,
     "cost_pct": 2.35425922222222,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2023",
     "outflow_usd": 53968686181.0755,
     "cost_pct": 3.07768533333333,
     "leakage_usd": 1660986339.1876523
    },
    {
     "year": "2024",
     "outflow_usd": 58461538461.5384,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    }
   ],
   "reference_pair": {
    "year": "2023",
    "outflow_usd": 53968686181.0755,
    "cost_pct": 3.07768533333333,
    "leakage_usd": 1660986339.1876523,
    "cost_yoy_pp": 0.72342611111111
   }
  },
  "KWT": {
   "name": "Kuwait",
   "history": [
    {
     "year": "2011",
     "outflow_usd": 13012206030.1339,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2012",
     "outflow_usd": 15459199374.3214,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2013",
     "outflow_usd": 17711480680.7188,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2014",
     "outflow_usd": 18128476350.2661,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2015",
     "outflow_usd": 15202536401.3565,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2016",
     "outflow_usd": 15287570250.0847,
     "cost_pct": 2.92674666666667,
     "leakage_usd": 447428452.70867944
    },
    {
     "year": "2017",
     "outflow_usd": 13760108803.0923,
     "cost_pct": 2.43952,
     "leakage_usd": 335680606.2731973
    },
    {
     "year": "2018",
     "outflow_usd": 14346861711.1382,
     "cost_pct": 2.77343166666667,
     "leakage_usd": 397900405.86958253
    },
    {
     "year": "2019",
     "outflow_usd": 18855161641.2345,
     "cost_pct": 2.00376333333333,
     "leakage_usd": 377812815.40778786
    },
    {
     "year": "2020",
     "outflow_usd": 17357178322.8965,
     "cost_pct": 2.63293,
     "leakage_usd": 457002355.2170388
    },
    {
     "year": "2021",
     "outflow_usd": 18468103779.7774,
     "cost_pct": 2.48222,
     "leakage_usd": 458418965.6423906
    },
    {
     "year": "2022",
     "outflow_usd": 17744092398.6186,
     "cost_pct": 2.4744445,
     "leakage_usd": 439067718.432536
    },
    {
     "year": "2023",
     "outflow_usd": 12679515247.4754,
     "cost_pct": 2.41638883333333,
     "leakage_usd": 306386390.5607925
    },
    {
     "year": "2024",
     "outflow_usd": 14168984683.1728,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2025",
     "outflow_usd": 16741186552.6143,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    }
   ],
   "reference_pair": {
    "year": "2023",
    "outflow_usd": 12679515247.4754,
    "cost_pct": 2.41638883333333,
    "leakage_usd": 306386390.5607925,
    "cost_yoy_pp": -0.05805566666667028
   }
  },
  "OMN": {
   "name": "Oman",
   "history": [
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     "year": "2011",
     "outflow_usd": 7214564369.31079,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2012",
     "outflow_usd": 8086605981.79453,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2013",
     "outflow_usd": 9104418725.61768,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2014",
     "outflow_usd": 10300832249.6749,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2015",
     "outflow_usd": 10990897269.1807,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2016",
     "outflow_usd": 10312093628.0884,
     "cost_pct": 3.61319333333333,
     "leakage_usd": 372595879.4971812
    },
    {
     "year": "2017",
     "outflow_usd": 9815344603.38101,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2018",
     "outflow_usd": 9957667100.13003,
     "cost_pct": 4.16046,
     "leakage_usd": 414284756.6340698
    },
    {
     "year": "2019",
     "outflow_usd": 9133596879.06371,
     "cost_pct": 3.57368833333333,
     "leakage_usd": 326406286.08079696
    },
    {
     "year": "2020",
     "outflow_usd": 8772236671.0013,
     "cost_pct": 3.77607666666667,
     "leakage_usd": 331246382.0784572
    },
    {
     "year": "2021",
     "outflow_usd": 8117672049.78106,
     "cost_pct": 5.06566666666667,
     "leakage_usd": 411214207.13507617
    },
    {
     "year": "2022",
     "outflow_usd": 9071113288.75604,
     "cost_pct": 3.92416666666667,
     "leakage_usd": 355965603.97293526
    },
    {
     "year": "2023",
     "outflow_usd": 9432193685.62845,
     "cost_pct": 4.44166666666667,
     "leakage_usd": 418946602.8699973
    },
    {
     "year": "2024",
     "outflow_usd": 9184884710.013,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    }
   ],
   "reference_pair": {
    "year": "2023",
    "outflow_usd": 9432193685.62845,
    "cost_pct": 4.44166666666667,
    "leakage_usd": 418946602.8699973,
    "cost_yoy_pp": 0.5175000000000001
   }
  },
  "QAT": {
   "name": "Qatar",
   "history": [
    {
     "year": "2011",
     "outflow_usd": 10444681380.8072,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2012",
     "outflow_usd": 10412912087.9121,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2013",
     "outflow_usd": 11281043956.0439,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2014",
     "outflow_usd": 11230219780.2197,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2015",
     "outflow_usd": 12192032967.0329,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
    },
    {
     "year": "2016",
     "outflow_usd": 11981868131.8681,
     "cost_pct": 5.03186111111111,
     "leakage_usd": 602910962.9120861
    },
    {
     "year": "2017",
     "outflow_usd": 12759340659.3406,
     "cost_pct": 4.67402,
     "leakage_usd": 596374134.2857114
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    {
     "year": "2018",
     "outflow_usd": 11557967032.9669,
     "cost_pct": 3.85333375,
     "leakage_usd": 445367044.49518716
    },
    {
     "year": "2019",
     "outflow_usd": 11963736263.7362,
     "cost_pct": 3.46639,
     "leakage_usd": 414709757.47252524
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    {
     "year": "2020",
     "outflow_usd": 10112087912.0879,
     "cost_pct": 3.8635325,
     "leakage_usd": 390683802.9120874
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    {
     "year": "2021",
     "outflow_usd": 10966208791.2087,
     "cost_pct": 2.6127075,
     "leakage_usd": 286514959.553569
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    {
     "year": "2022",
     "outflow_usd": 12285714285.7142,
     "cost_pct": 3.61880957142857,
     "leakage_usd": 444596604.48979264
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     "year": "2023",
     "outflow_usd": 11773901098.901,
     "cost_pct": 4.30904771428571,
     "leakage_usd": 507343016.1844536
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     "year": "2024",
     "outflow_usd": 11512087912.0878,
     "cost_pct": null,
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    {
     "year": "2025",
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   "reference_pair": {
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    "outflow_usd": 11773901098.901,
    "cost_pct": 4.30904771428571,
    "leakage_usd": 507343016.1844536,
    "cost_yoy_pp": 0.6902381428571402
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  },
  "SAU": {
   "name": "Saudi Arabia",
   "history": [
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     "year": "2011",
     "outflow_usd": 28474925333.3333,
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    {
     "year": "2012",
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    {
     "year": "2013",
     "outflow_usd": 34984186666.6666,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
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    {
     "year": "2014",
     "outflow_usd": 36924239999.9999,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
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    {
     "year": "2015",
     "outflow_usd": 38787367999.9999,
     "cost_pct": null,
     "leakage_usd": null
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    {
     "year": "2016",
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     "cost_pct": 4.545384375,
     "leakage_usd": 1720127117.8549457
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     "outflow_usd": 36118961653.3333,
     "cost_pct": 5.195105,
     "leakage_usd": 1876417982.8004007
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     "year": "2018",
     "outflow_usd": 33881511795.48,
     "cost_pct": 5.5576,
     "leakage_usd": 1882998899.5455964
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     "year": "2019",
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    "cost_yoy_pp": 3.3316072142857096
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  }
 }
}